Growing heirloom tomatoes in Canada
Heirloom tomatoes are a cherished part of many gardeners’ harvests, offering a unique range of colors, shapes, and flavors. These open-pollinated varieties have been passed down through generations, preserving their exceptional traits and historical significance. In this article, we will explore the world of growing heirloom tomatoes in Canada, discuss some well-known varieties, and provide insights into their cultivation, including tips on managing diseases and pests.
Varieties of Heirloom Tomatoes
Heirloom tomatoes come in a delightful array of sizes, colors, and flavors. Here are a few notable examples:
- Brandywine: This legendary heirloom variety is renowned for its large size, exceptional taste, and multiple colors (red, pink, yellow, black). All of them have meaty flesh and a rich, sweet flavor that is often described as earthy and complex.
- Cherokee Purple: A favorite among heirloom enthusiasts, Cherokee Purple tomatoes have unique purplish-brown skin. These medium to large fruits have a sweet, smoky flavor and a dense, juicy texture.
- Green Zebra: As its name suggests, Green Zebra tomatoes display a vibrant green color with yellow stripes. They offer a refreshing tartness combined with a sweet undertone, creating a delightful flavor contrast. These tomatoes are typically smaller in size and add visual appeal to salads and dishes.
- Yellow Pear: With its petite, pear-shaped fruits and vibrant yellow color, the Yellow Pear tomato is a delightful addition to any garden. It has a mild, sweet flavor and a juicy, tender texture, making it perfect for snacking or adding to salads.
- Black Krim: Originating from Crimea, the Black Krim tomato stands out with its dusky, deep purple color. It has a sweet and tangy flavor with a hint of smokiness. This medium to large tomato is a favorite among tomato enthusiasts for its rich taste.
Growing Heirloom Tomatoes
Starting from Seedlings: To grow heirloom tomatoes, you can either start from seeds indoors or purchase seedlings from nurseries. If starting from seeds, begin sowing them indoors 6 to 8 weeks before the last frost date. Use a sterile seed-starting mix and provide adequate warmth and light for germination. Transplant the seedlings into larger containers once they have developed a few sets of true leaves.
Transplanting into the Garden: When the threat of frost has passed and the soil temperature has warmed, usually in late spring, it’s time to transplant the seedlings into the garden. Harden off the tomato seedlings by putting them outside during the day and bringing them back inside for a couple of days. When ready to plant, choose a sunny location with well-draining soil enriched with organic matter. Space the plants at least 50 cm apart to allow for proper air circulation and prevent the spread of diseases.
Watering and Fertilization: Heirloom tomatoes require consistent watering to maintain even moisture levels in the soil. Water deeply and regularly, aiming to keep the soil evenly moist. Mulching around the base of the plants helps conserve moisture and suppress weed growth. Fertilize the plants with a balanced organic fertilizer or compost tea throughout the growing season to ensure healthy growth and fruit development.
Pruning and Support: Heirloom tomato plants can benefit from pruning to improve air circulation and reduce the risk of diseases. Remove the suckers that form in the leaf axils, but be cautious not to over-prune, as it can affect fruit production. Many varieties, especially indeterminate ones, may require staking or trellising to support the heavy fruit-laden branches.
Preventing Diseases
Heirloom tomatoes are susceptible to various diseases that can impact their growth and overall health. Here are some common diseases and preventive measures:
- Early Blight (Alternaria solani): Early blight manifests as dark, concentric rings on the leaves, starting from the bottom of the plant. To minimize the risk of early blight, practice crop rotation by avoiding planting tomatoes or other Solanaceae family crops in the same location year after year. Remove and destroy any infected plant debris. Water the plants at the base and avoid wetting the leaves. Applying copper-based fungicides can also help control early blight.
- Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans): Late blight causes dark, water-soaked spots on the leaves, stems, and fruits. It thrives in cool, humid conditions. To prevent late blight, choose resistant varieties if available. Provide ample spacing between plants for air circulation. Avoid overhead watering and water at the base of the plants. Remove and destroy any infected plants immediately. Copper-based fungicides can be used preventatively but should be applied before the onset of the disease.
- Powdery Mildew (Leveillula taurica, Podosphaera xanthii): Powdery mildew appears as a white, powdery coating on the leaves, stems, and fruits. To minimize powdery mildew, ensure adequate spacing between plants to promote airflow and reduce humidity levels. Water the plants at the base to avoid wetting the leaves. Removing infected leaves and applying organic fungicides containing sulfur or potassium bicarbonate can help manage powdery mildew.
Managing Pests
Various pests can pose a threat to heirloom tomatoes. Here are a few common ones and strategies to control them:
- Aphids: Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that suck the sap from tomato plants, causing stunted growth and deformed leaves. Introduce beneficial insects like ladybugs or lacewings, which feed on aphids. Use a strong stream of water to dislodge aphids from the plants. Organic insecticidal soaps or neem oil sprays can also be effective against aphids.
- Tomato Hornworms (Manduca quinquemaculata): These large green caterpillars can defoliate tomato plants quickly. Handpick and destroy the hornworms when spotted on the plants. Beneficial insects such as parasitic wasps can also help control their populations. If necessary, use organic insecticides specifically labeled for caterpillar control.
- Flea Beetles (Epitrix spp.): Flea beetles are small, jumping beetles that chew small holes in the leaves of tomato plants. Floating row covers can be effective in preventing flea beetle infestations. Introduce beneficial insects like predatory ground beetles or parasitic nematodes. Organic insecticides containing spinosad or pyrethrin can be used for severe infestations.
Regular monitoring of your plants is crucial to identify any pest or disease issues early on. Prompt action and appropriate interventions can help protect your heirloom tomatoes and ensure a successful harvest. Remember to follow organic and environmentally friendly practices when managing diseases and pests in your garden.
Harvesting Heirloom Tomatoes
Heirloom tomatoes are ready to harvest when they reach their mature color and firmness. Gently twist or cut the fruits from the vine, leaving a small stem attached. Handle them with care to avoid bruising. Unlike some modern hybrids, heirloom tomatoes are known for their exceptional flavor when fully ripe.
Preserving the Bounty
Enjoy your heirloom tomatoes fresh in salads, sandwiches, or as a simple snack. If you have an abundant harvest, consider preserving them by canning, freezing, or making sauces and salsas to enjoy their flavors throughout the year.
Growing heirloom tomatoes in Canada allows you to connect with the rich history and diversity of these treasured fruits. By following proper cultivation practices and effectively managing diseases and pests, you can enjoy a bountiful harvest of these flavorful gems. Embark on this journey of taste and tradition, and savor the unique flavors that heirloom tomatoes bring to your table.